从“葫芦僧”的堕落看古代司法者的尴尬处境/李晓梅

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-08 02:22:52   浏览:8191   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载
贾雨村是《红楼梦》中的一个着墨不多却十分重要的人物。在第四回“薄命女偏逢薄命郎,葫芦僧乱判葫芦案”中,他“徇情枉法,胡乱判断”薛蟠打死冯渊一案,成为错判葫芦案的“葫芦(糊涂谐音)僧”。但是从全书中贾雨村的表现来看,他不仅一点不糊涂,还是一个非常善于利用法律和人情谋取私利的精明人。导致他最终“枷锁扛”的原因有很多,固然有他个人官德的问题,但他的堕落更多体现的是中国封建宗法关系对于司法者的熏染和同化。可以说,封建宗法关系决定了古代司法者必然处于公与私无法衡平的尴尬境地,贾雨村的悲剧也是中国古代司法者最寻常、又是难以摆脱的梦魇惊悸。

封建官场的腐朽和暮气扼杀了司法者的个性和锐气

贾雨村原是一介穷儒,出身没落官宦人家。他贫居乡间,但“抱负不浅”,连一个丫鬟也知道他“必非久困之人”,忍不住多看他几眼。此时的贾雨村如同待价而沽的美玉,才华横溢,意气风发。在得到甄士隐的赠银后当年便“会了进士,选入外办,升了本县知府”。初入仕途的贾雨村春风得意马蹄疾,却受到了同僚的排挤。

原来在同僚眼中,贾雨村“生情狡猾,擅篡礼仪,且沽清正之名,而暗结虎狼之属”。反过来看,这些评价不恰恰说明贾雨村心思缜密、敢于创新、看重名誉、抱负远大吗?但是这种个性和锐气“虽才干优长,未免有些贪酷之弊,且又恃才辱上”,不容于封建官场,也不被皇帝所接纳,最终“龙颜大怒,即批革职”。

这是贾雨村第一次仕途结局。从他的经历可以看出,他之所以被革职,并非因为贪污腐败,也不是因为没有政绩,而是因为他违反了封建社会为官之道,不谦恭、不圆滑,事业心强却不善于处理上下级关系,人人“侧目而视”。罢免消息传来,官员们“无不喜悦”,但贾雨村“全无一点怨色仍是嬉笑自若”,说明他确实是一条好汉,遭遇委屈和挫折仍能泰然处之。可见虽然经历一场失败的仕途,贾雨村还是保留了知识分子的清高孤傲,骨头仍是硬邦邦的。

贾雨村离开官场后先给贾宝玉当老师,因贾母溺爱辱师,他辞馆而出;游历中贫病交加,他只得托请朋友到林黛玉家再做个私塾先生。闲居无聊之时,贾雨村开始对自己的人生进行思考,大彻大悟。当冷子兴取笑宝玉“见了女儿,我便清爽;见了男子,便觉浊臭逼人”时,他罕然厉色制止,认为“若非多读书识事,加以致知格物之功,悟道参玄之力,不能知也”——可见遭受挫折后的贾雨村深深理解贾宝玉,他也同样聪慧、深刻、性灵,不同的是贾宝玉于幻灭后选择了出家,贾雨村在厄境后选择了泯灭个性和收敛锋芒,寻找时机再次步入了仕途。

司法者选拔的随意性决定了司法者执法的随意性

贾雨村在《红楼梦》中只是一个配角,名气却不输宝黛,主要是因为他曾经办理了一个“葫芦案”。原来小乡绅冯渊要买英莲做妾,金陵一霸薛蟠也要买英莲当丫头,拐子一女两卖,薛蟠便指使豪奴将冯渊打死。此案第一次庭审,贾雨村大怒,斥之为“岂有这样放屁的事” ,立即发签差人捉拿凶犯族人,签署通缉令要捉拿薛蟠归案,完全秉公执法的模样。但是最终该案的处理结果“皆由葫芦庙内之沙弥新门子所出”,即谎称冯渊薛蟠是夙孽相逢,双双死去,然后薛家出钱,冯家烧埋,拐子处治,余不略及。不仅如此,身为法官的贾雨村还修书被告薛蟠的舅父王子腾、姨夫贾政,告知“令甥之事已完,不必过虑”,呵护有加,关爱备至,成了凶手的贴心人。

贾雨村的首鼠两端并非完全慑于“护官符”的威力。官商勾结的前提是钱权互易,四大家族尽管炙手可热,但凡涉及诉讼,他们通常都会花些银两来买通官府(如张华诉贾琏偷娶尤二姐案),有时甚至会赢的非常艰难(如薛蟠第二起命案)。但只有薛蟠打死冯渊的案件四大家族没有花钱,却赢得风光,后来还成了薛蟠对外炫耀的资本。究其原因,表面在于司法者执法的随意性,而实质在于统治者对于司法者选拔的随意性。

在朝廷这个大案板上,贾雨村不过是块任人驱使的鸡鸭鱼肉,他的命运更多的决定于他与主子的亲疏远近。在他没有投靠贾家的时候,同僚诽谤几句便可丢掉乌纱;而在他效忠贾家后,即使是为了几把扇子就把石呆子害死,甚至连贾琏都对他的恶行发出指责,但只要贾家不倒,他就安若磐石。十年寒窗不过得到一个县令的职务,费尽心机“谋”来的职位只不过当一个9岁小女孩(黛玉)的启蒙教师。而现在,学生家长林如海和贾政联名一封举荐信,就能让他“轻轻谋了一个复职的候缺”,还是金陵应天府的肥缺,哪怕自己曾有贪酷之名也毫无妨碍。或一步登天,或随时罢免,全看你的靠山是谁——这种经历对贾雨村的教育是深刻的、醍醐灌顶的。

在被随意提拔的司法者手中,法律必然会表现出强烈的随意性。贾雨村之所以如此卖力掩盖薛蟠的故意杀人罪责,又如此置司法者的尊严于不顾修书讨好表功于贾政王子腾,主要动力就来自他上述戏剧化的经历。在这样的大环境下,法律当然就成了任人摆布的泥娃娃,“葫芦僧”乱判“葫芦案”也就不难理解了。

封建伦常关系决定了司法者难以独善其身

有人认为贾雨村是反复无常、恩将仇报的势利小人,理由是贾雨村收到甄士隐的赠银后不辞而别;英莲是恩人甄士隐的独生女,贾雨村却任由薛蟠掳入薛家;贾雨村为了几把古扇害死石呆子,这起案件成为贾家败落的导火索之一。

这种看法有一定的道理,但是如果从贾雨村的视角分析,就可以看出作为司法者的贾雨村其实常常面临十分尴尬的处境,而这种尴尬恰恰也是封建社会许多司法者难以破解的难题。

比如对于甄士隐的报答,当贾雨村回到故地的时候甄士隐已经出家,他只能赠银给甄士隐的岳父和妻子,同时不忘落魄时回首自己的娇杏,娶她为二房;关于石呆子的古扇,贾赦曾训斥贾琏说:“人家(指贾雨村)怎么弄了来?”言外之意贾赦曾让儿子和贾雨村都去“弄”,结果是贾雨村“弄”来了。可见石呆子被害是贾赦主谋指使的,贾雨村不过是个执行者。对于宦海两起两落的贾雨村来讲,除了枉法栽赃献媚权贵之外,他真的有什么其他选择吗?

英莲被掳一案,原本贾雨村也愤恨于“打死人命就这样白白的走了,再拿不来的!”但得知对方是金陵一霸后,他立即就明白此案被告人不可能到庭,遑论司法的执行力了。他面临的是一个两难选择,要么拼得一身剐,也未必能把皇帝拉下马;要么息事宁人,在精神上用“夙孽”之说宽慰冯家,在经济上多给烧埋之银安抚冯家,最终大事化小,小事化了。他只能选择第二个方案。因为英莲已经被薛蟠抢走,即使索回,在那个一女不嫁二夫的社会里,她还有其他归宿吗?何况冯渊和拐子都已经故去,英莲除了薛家已经无处可去。事实上,英莲后来在薛家过得还算舒心,一直到薛蟠娶妻她才开始真正的磨难,在饱受正房夏金桂的折磨后含恨死去。英莲的悲剧在于她的薄命:贾雨村落魄的时候,她不需要他人帮助;贾雨村得势的时候,她的命运已经无法逆转。

封建道德的虚伪造成了司法者心与行的脱节

其实何止英莲,即使是贾雨村,一个从小饱读诗书、长期接受儒家“建功立业、光宗耀祖”教育、没有其他谋生技能的封建知识分子,在“学而优则仕”的社会里,除了不顾一切追逐功名利禄,还有其他路径可选择吗?说起来贾雨村没见过贾宝玉的时候,就已经成为贾宝玉的知音,知道贾宝玉为何见了男人便觉浊臭。他羡慕贾宝玉有庞大的家族势力和“金满山,银满山”的资产供其保持纯净。但落花有意流水无情,史湘云劝宝玉见见贾雨村“谈谈讲讲些仕途经济学问”,被贾宝玉骂作“混账话”,下了逐客令。以贾雨村的聪明和贾宝玉的率真,贾雨村应该早就知道贾宝玉并不喜欢他,可他每次来贾府定要见见宝玉,哪怕明知公子哥的厌弃。

贾宝玉不懂贾雨村,贾雨村却懂宝玉的心。贾雨村,一个原本有情有义、知恩图报,不肯“因私废法”的封建司法者,在第二次步入仕途后选择了攀附权贵、助纣为虐之路,官至“补授了大司马,协理军机参赞朝政”,但最终“因嫌乌纱小,致使枷锁扛”。他的经历具有相当高的标本价值,集中体现了司法权在封建社会纲常伦理体系中的边缘地位。数百年来他头上的“葫芦僧”标签,成为中国封建社会司法制度最具有特色的注解之一,诉说着司法者在封建统治机器中被动、游移、从属,时而被扛做大旗、时而被踩在脚下的尴尬境地。


(作者单位:江苏省徐州市泉山区人民法院)


下载地址: 点击此处下载

关于做好2004年全国煤矿安全程度评估工作的通知

国家安全生产监督管理总局 国家煤矿安全监察局


煤安监办字〔2004〕31号


关于做好2004年全国煤矿安全程度评估工作的通知

各煤矿安全监察局及北京、新疆生产建设兵团煤矿安全监察办事处,有关省、自治区负责煤矿安全监察工作的部门:

为了做好2004年全国煤矿安全程度评估工作,进一步加大安全监察力度,提高行政执法的水平和效果,促进全国煤矿安全生产形势的稳定好转,现对2004年煤矿安全程度评估工作提出如下要求:

一、各级煤矿安全监察机构(包括未设煤矿安全监察机构的省、自治区负责煤矿安全监察工作的部门,下同),要继续做好今年煤矿安全程度评估工作,年内要对所有合法煤矿进行一次评估;并进一步完善评估办法和标准,确保评估工作的质量。评估结果要及时公告,并向地方人民政府通报。

二、搞好与去年安全程度评估工作的衔接。对去年评估过的矿井,按照完善A、B类,提升C类,整顿或淘汰D类的原则,实施分类指导。对A、B类矿井,要促其向安全质量标准化迈进;对C类矿井,要加大监察执法力度,督促其落实整改措施,按有关标准规定限期改善安全生产条件,提高安全程度等级;对D类矿井必须责令停产整顿并监督其按期落实整顿要求,不落实整改措施或到期经重新评估仍为D类的矿井,要建议地方人民政府依法对其实施关闭。

三、要对煤矿安全程度评估结果进行动态管理。把对矿井的安全程度评估与日常的安全监察和煤矿安全生产专项整治工作结合起来,将日常监察结果纳入评估中,并作为评估定级的主要依据。对安全生产条件得到改善的矿井提高其安全程度等级,安全生产条件滑波的则及时降低其等级。

四、各省级煤矿安全监察机构要对辖区内煤矿安全程度评估工作进展情况及时进行汇总、统计分析,并定期上报。要按照煤矿安全程度评估汇总表(详见附件)要求的内容认真填写,每季度报告一次,并于下季度第一个月的10日前将上季度的安全程度评估进度表按大中型、小型煤矿分别报送国家局煤矿监察一、二司。

国家局监察一司联系人:任锦彪 联系电话:010-64463032 传真:010-64463189

  电子信箱:renjb@chinacoal-safety.gov.cn

  国家局监察二司联系人:刘维庸

  联系电话:010-64463204

  传真:010-64463206

  电子信箱:liuwy@chinacoal-safety.gov.cn

  附件:

1.大中型煤矿安全程度评估汇总表

2.小型煤矿安全程度评估汇总表

二○○四年四月十五日

 

BILLS OF EXCHANGE ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


BILLS OF EXCHANGE ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 19)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
  hort title
  nterpretation
  II    BILLS OF EXCHANGE
  and Interpretation
  efinition of bill of exchange
  nland and foreign bills
  ffect where different parties to bill are the same person
  ddress to drawee
  ertainty required as to payee
  hat bills are negotiable
  um payable
  Bill payable on demand
  Bill payable at future time
  Omission of date in bill payable after date
  Ante-dating and post-dating
  Computation of time of payment
  Referee in case of need
  Optional stipulations by drawer or indorser
  Definition and requisites of acceptance
  Time for acceptance
  General and qualified acceptance
  Inchoate instruments
  Delivery
  city and authority of parties
  Capacity of parties
  Signature essential to liability
  Forged or unauthorized signature
  Procuration signature
  Person signing as agent or in representative capacity
  Corporate signatures
  ideration for bill
  Value and holder for value
  Accommodation party
  Holder in due course
  Presumption of value and good faith
  
  tiation of bill
  Negotiation of bill
  Requisites of valid indorsement
  Conditional indorsement
  Indorsement in blank and special indorsement
  Restrictive indorsement
  Negotiation of overdue or dishonoured bill
  Negotiation of bill to party already liable thereon
  Rights and powers of holder
  ral duties of the holder
  When presentment for acceptance is necessary
  Time for presenting bill payable after sight
  Rules as to presentment for acceptance, and excuses for non-
  entment
  Non-acceptance
  Dishonour by non-acceptance and its consequences
  Duties as to qualified acceptances
  Rules as to presentment for payment
  Excuses for delay or non-presentment for payment
  Dishonour by non-payment
  Notice of dishonour and effect of non-notice
  Rules as to notice of dishonour
  Excuses for non-notice and delay
  Noting or protest of bill
  Duties of holder as regards drawee or acceptor
  ilities of parties
  Funds in hands of drawee
  Liability of acceptor
  Liability of drawer or indorser
  Stranger signing bill liable as indorser
  Measure of damages against parties to dishonoured bill
  Transferor by delivery and transferee
  harge of bill
  Payment in due course
  Banker paying demand draft whereon indorsement is forged
  Acceptor the holder at maturity
  Express waiver
  Cancellation
  Alteration of bill
  ptance and payment for honour
  Acceptance for honour supra protest
  Liability of acceptor for honour
  Presentment to acceptor for honour
  Payment for honour supra protest Lost instrument
  Holder's right to duplicate of lost bill
  Action on lost bill
  in a set
  Rules as to bill in set
  lict of laws
  Rules where laws conflict
  
  III   CHEQUES ON A BANKER
  Definition of cheque
  Presentment of cheque for payment
  Revocation of banker's authority Crossed cheques
  Definition of general and special crossings
  Crossing by drawer or after issue
  Crossing a material part of cheque
  Duties of banker as to crossed cheque
  Protection to banker and drawer where cheque is crossed
  Effect of crossing on holder
  Drafts on bankers payable to order on demand sufficient authority
for
  ent without proof of indorsement
  Protection of bankers paying unindorsed or irregularly indorsed
  ues, etc.
  Rights of bankers collecting cheques not indorsed by
  ers
  Unindorsed cheques as evidence of payment
  Protection of bankers collecting payment of cheques, etc.
  Application of provisions of this part to instruments not being
bills
  xchange
  Saving
  IV    PROMISSORY NOTES
  Definition of promissory note
  Delivery necessary
  Joint and several notes
  Note payable on demand
  Presentment for payment
  Liability of maker
  Application of Part II to notes
  V    SUPPLEMENTARY
  Good faith
  Signature
  Computation of time
  When noting equivalent to protest
  Protest when notary not accessible
  Crossing of dividend warrant
  Saving
  dule. Form of protest, without notary
  odify the law relating to bills of exchange, cheques and
promissory
  s. [4 May 1885]
 PART I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
  
  ed 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Bills of Exchange Ordinance.
  nded 5 of 1924 s. 6)
  1882 c. 61 s. 1U. K.]
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  eptance" means an acceptance completed by delivery or
notification;
  ion" means action or suit and includes counterclaim and set-off;
  ker" includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or 
not, who
  y on the business of banking;
  krupt" includes any person whose estate is vested in a 
trustee or
  gnee under the law relating to bankruptcy; (Amended 50 of 1911;
62 of
  Schedule)
  rer" means the person in possession of a bill or note
  h is payable to bearer;
  l" means bill of exchange, and "note"
  s promissory note;
  ivery" means transfer of possession, actual or
  tructive, from one person to another;
  eral holiday" has the same meaning as in the Holidays Ordinance 
(Cap.
  ; (Added 5 of 1912 s. 8)
  der" means the payee or indorsee of a bill or note who 
is in
  ession of it, or the bearer thereof;
  orsement" means an indorsement completed by delivery;
  ue" means the first delivery of a bill or note, complete in form,
to a
  on who takes it as a holder;
  son" includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not;
  ue" means valuable consideration.
  nded 43 of 1912 Schedule)
  1882 c. 61 s. 2 U. K.]
 PART II BILLS OF EXCHANGE
  
  nded 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
  and Interpretation
  efinition of bill of exchange
  A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed 
by
  person to another, signed by the person giving it, 
requiring the
  on to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a 
fixed or
  rminable future time a sum certain in money to, or to the order
of, a
  ified person or to bearer.
  An instrument which does not comply with these conditions, or 
which
  rs any act to be done in addition to the payment of money, is 
not a
  of exchange.
  An order to pay out of a particular fund is not
  nditional within the meaning of this section; but an unqualified
order
  ay, coupled with--
  an indication of a particular fund out of which the drawee 
is to
  burse himself or a particular account to be debited with the 
amount;
  
  a statement of the transaction which gives rise to the 
bill, is
  nditional.
  A bill is not invalid by reason--
  that it is not dated;
  that it does not specify the value given or that any value has 
been
  n therefor;
  that it does not specify the place where it is drawn
  he place where it is payable.
  1882 c. 61 s. 3 U. K.]
  nland and foreign bills
  An inland bill is a bill which is or on the face of it purports
to be-
  
  both drawn and payable within the Colony; or
  drawn within the Colony, upon some person resident therein.
  Any other bill is a foreign bill.
  Unless the contrary appears on the face of the bill, the holder 
may
  t it as an inland bill.
  1882 c. 61 s. 4 U. K.]
  ffect where different parties to bill are the same person
  A bill may be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawer;
or it
  be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawee.
  Where, in a bill, drawer and drawee are the same person, or where 
the
  ee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to
contract,
  holder may treat the instrument, at his option, either as a 
bill of
  ange or as a promissory note. [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 5 U. K.]
  ddress to drawee
  The drawee must be named or otherwise indicated in a 
bill with
  onable certainty.
  A bill may be addressed to two or more drawees,
  her they are partners or not, but an order addressed to two drawees
in
  alternative, or to two or more drawees in succession, is not a
bill of
  ange.
  1882 c. 61 s. 6 U. K.]
  
  ertainty required as to payee
  Where a bill is not payable to bearer, the payee must be 
named or
  rwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty.
  A bill may be made payable to two or more payees jointly, or it
may be
  payable in the alternative to one of two or one or some of 
several
  es. A bill may also be made payable to the bolder of an office
for the
  being.
  Where the payee is a fictitious or non-existing person, the bill 
may
  reated as payable to bearer.
  1882 c. 61 s. 7 U. K.]
  hat bills are negotiable
  Where a bill contains words prohibiting transfer, or 
indicating an
  ntion that it should not be transferable, it is valid as between 
the
  ies thereto, but is not negotiable.
  A negotiable bill may be payable either to order or to bearer.
  A bill is payable to bearer which is expressed to be so payable,
or on
  h the only or last indorsement is an indorsement in blank.
  A bill is payable to order which is expressed to be so payable, 
or
  h is expressed to be payable to a particular person, and 
does not
  ain words prohibiting transfer or indicating an intention 
that it
  ld not be transferable.
  Where a bill, either originally or by
  rsement, is expressed to be payable to the order of a 
specified
  on, and not to him or his order, it is nevertheless payable to
him or
  order at his option.
  1882 c. 61 s. 8 U. K.]
  um payable
  The sum payable by a bill is a sum certain within the meaning of 
this
  nance, although it is required to be paid--
  with interest;
  by stated instalments;
  by stated instalments, with a provision that, upon default in 
payment
  ny instalment, the whole shall become due;
  according to an indicated rate of exchange or according to a rate 
of
  ange to be ascertained as directed by the bill.
  Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, 
and
  e is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words 
is
  amount payable.
  Where a bill is expressed to be payable with
  rest, unless the instrument otherwise provides, interest runs
from the
  of the bill, and, if the bill is undated, from the issue thereof.
  1882 c. 61 s. 9 U. K.]
  Bill payable on demand
  A bill is payable on demand--
  which is expressed to be payable on demand, or at sight, 
or on
  entation; or
  in which no time for payment is expressed.
  Where a bill is accepted or indorsed when it is overdue, it shall, 
as
  rds the acceptor who so accepts or any indorser who so indorses
it, be
  ed a bill payable on demand.
  1882 c. 61 s. 10 U. K.]
  
  Bill payable at future time
  A bill is payable at a determinable future time within the meaning 
of
  Ordinance which is expressed to be payable--
  at a fixed period after date or sight;
  on or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified 
event
  h is certain to happen, though the time of happening may be
uncertain.
  An instrument expressed to be payable on a contingency is not a 
bill,
  the happening of the event does not cure the defect.
  1882 c. 61 s. 11 U. K.]
  Omission of date in bill payable after date
  e a bill expressed to be payable at a fixed period after 
date is
  ed undated, or where the acceptance of a bill payable at a 
fixed
  od after sight is undated, any holder may insert therein the true
date
  ssue or acceptance, and the bill shall be payable 
accordingly:
  ided that--
  where the holder in good faith and by mistake inserts a wrong 
date;
  
  n every case where a wrong date is inserted, if the bill
  equently comes into the hands of a holder in due course, the 
bill
  l not be avoided thereby, but shall operate and be payable as if 
the
  so inserted had been the true date. [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 12 U. K.]
  Ante-dating and post-dating
  Where a bill or an acceptance or any indorsement on a bill is 
dated,
  date shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to be the 
true
  of the drawing, acceptance, or indorsement, as the case may be.
  A bill is not invalid by reason only that it is ante-dated or 
post-
  d, or that it bears date on a Sunday or any other general holiday.
  nded 5 of 1912 s. 8) [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 13 U. K.]
  Computation of time of payment
  e a bill is not payable on demand, the day on which it falls due 
is
  rmined as follows--
  the bill is due and payable in all cases on the last day of the 
time
  ayment as fixed by the bill or, if that is a general holiday, on 
the
  eeding business day; (Replaced 67 of 1972 s. 2) [cf. 1971 c. 80
s. 3
  U. K.]
  where a bill is payable at a fixed period after date, after sight, 
or
  r the happening of a specified event, the time of 
payment is
  rmined by excluding the day from which the time is to begin to
run and
  ncluding the day of payment;
  where a bill is payable at a fixed
  od after sight, the time begins to run form the date of the
acceptance
  he bill is accepted, and from the date of noting or protest if 
the
  is noted or protested for non-acceptance or for non-delivery;
  the
  "month" in a bill means calendar month.
  1882 c. 61 s. 14 U. K.]
  Referee in case of need
  drawer of a bill and any indorser may insert therein the name 
of a
  on to whom the holder may resort in case of need, that is to say, 
in
  the bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment. Such
person
  alled the referee in case of need. It is in the option of the 
holder
  esort to the referee in case of need or not, as he may think fit.
  1882 c. 61 s. 15 U. K.]
  
  Optional stipulations by drawer or indorser
  drawer of a bill and any indorser may insert therein an 
express
  ulation--
  negativing or limiting his own liability to the holder;
  waiving, as regards himself, some or all of the holder's duties. 
[cf.
  c. 61 s. 16 U. K.]
  Definition and requisites of acceptance
  The acceptance of a bill is the signification by the drawee of 
his
  nt to the order of the drawer.
  An acceptance is invalid unless it complies with the 
following
  itions, namely--
  it must be written on the bill and be signed by
  drawee. The mere signature of the drawee, without additional
words, is
  icient;
  it must not express that the drawee will perform his promise by 
any
  r means than the payment of money.
  1882 c. 61 s. 17 U. K.]
  Time for acceptance
  A bill may be accepted--
  before it has been signed by the drawer, or while 
otherwise
  mplete;
  when it is overdue, or after it has been dishonoured by a
  ious refusal to accept or by non-payment.
  When a bill payable after sight is dishonoured by non-acceptance, 
and
  drawee subsequently accepts it, the holder, in the absence 
of any
  erent agreement, is entitled to have the bill accepted as of the 
date
  irst presentment of the drawee for acceptance.
  nded 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
  1882 c. 61 s. 18 U. K.]
  General and qualified acceptance
  An acceptance is either (a) general; or (b) qualified.
  A general acceptance assents without qualification to the order
of the
  er. A qualified acceptance in express terms varies the effect of 
the
  as drawn.
  In particular, an acceptance is qualified which is--
  conditional, that is to say, which makes payment by the 
acceptor
  ndent on the fulfilment of a condition therein stated,
  partial, that is to say, an acceptance to pay part only of the 
amount
  which the bill is drawn;
  local, that is to say, an acceptance to pay only at a 
particular
  ified place; an acceptance to pay at a particular place is a 
general
  ptance, unless it expressly states that the bill is to be paid 
there
  and not elsewhere;
  qualified as to time;
  the acceptance of some one or more of the drawees, but not of all.
  1882 c. 61 s. 19 U. K.]
  
  Inchoate instruments
  Where a simple signature on a blank paper is delivered by the 
signer
  rder that it may be converted into a bill, it operates as a 
prima
  e authority to fill it up as a complete bill for any amount, using
the
  ature for that of the drawer, or the acceptor, or an indorser;
and, in
  manner, when a bill is wanting in any material particular, the
person
  ossession of it has a prima facie authority to fill up the omission
in
  way he thinks fit. (Amended 31 of 1981 s. 65)
  In order that any such instrument, when completed, may be 
enforceable
  nst any person who became a party thereto prior to its completion, 
it
  be filled up within a reasonable time and strictly in accordance
with
  authority given. Reasonable time for this purpose is a 
question of
  : Provided that if any such instrument after completion is 
negotiated
  holder in due course, it shall be valid and effectual 
for all
  oses in his hands, and he may enforce it as if it had been filled 
up
  in a reasonable time and strictly in accordance with the 
authority
  n. [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 20 U. K.]
  Delivery

不分页显示   总共5页  1 [2] [3] [4] [5]

  下一页